Genetics and conservation of fast-growing trees: adaptation, drift, selection, biotechnology, genetic pollution and habitat shrinkage

Abstract

The fast-growing trees (FGTs) used worldwide are the result of breeding and selection activities organized around base genetic resources of several tree species and hybrids. In situ characterization of FGTs has revealed high genetic variability of natural populations, while ex situ field trials have shed light on their gene ecology. Static and dynamic conservation strategies contribute to maintaining the integrity of genetic resources and sustaining the genetic improvement of FGTs. Recurrent intra- and interspecific breeding over generations have greatly improved the growth and yield of FGT plantations. Selection and deployment of superior forest reproductive material (FRM) will be accelerated by new high-throughput tools, including genomics, phenomics and modelling. International regulations apply to the production and trade of FRM, but more countries should participate, and barriers to trade and use of FRM need to be addressed.