Unitus DSpace

Sustainability of small ruminant organic systems of production

Wed, 31 Dec 2003 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Sustainability of small ruminant organic systems of production Authors: Nardone, Alessandro; Zervas, George; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: There is an increasing interest for sustainable forms of livestock production systems, which will provide a balanced relationship between environmental, socio-cultural and economic factors. The small ruminant sector is examined with particular focus on the possibilities of improving the sustainability of small ruminant systems and on the possible role of organic production to meet the demand of sustainability. Current regulations highlighting different approaches and interpretation of organic farming among countries are reviewed. Regulations concerning organic livestock production between the US and the EU are compared. For the future development of organic farming, a strong harmonisation of rules and legislation at international and national level is needed. The process of conversion from conventional to organic poses several problems mainly due to inadequate technical knowledge and value-added activities at farm or regional level with poorly organized marketing. Breeding strategies, feed management and disease control for small ruminant in organic farming are discussed. Animal selection should be designed to reinforce, in a sustainable manner, the relationships between animals and the environment. Feed management will require a better integration between agriculture and livestock, and a transition from monoculture to mosaic, with spatial and temporal integration of agricultural components. Possible alternatives to chemoprophylaxis are available to control helminth diseases, such as the use of homeopathic treatment, and the improvement of genetic resistance to parasite infections. Harmonisation of rules and development of technical assistance at local level may contribute to increase sustainability of small ruminant organic farming not only in developed but also in developing countries. Certification and valorisation of organic products are key points to guarantee and promote this sector.

Immunological parameters in periparturient sheep

Wed, 31 Dec 2003 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Immunological parameters in periparturient sheep Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto; Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: Two experiments were carried out to assess immunological parameters in periparturient dairy sheep. The Experiment 1 pointed out that cell-mediated immune response before lambing is weaker (P < 0.001) in first parity compared to pluriparous ewes. The same study also revealed that preweaning mortality and other related parameters, and serum immunoglobulins in post-colostral lambs did not differ between lambs born to primiparous or pluriparous ewes. Experiment 2 demonstrated that cell mediated immune response in periparturient Sardianian ewes is suppressed (P < 0.01)during the last week before and fi rst week after lambing

Influence of body condition score on relationships between metabolic status and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows

Fri, 31 Dec 2004 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Influence of body condition score on relationships between metabolic status and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Twenty-four dairy cows were monitored during the transition period. We observed changes of oxidative status and relationships between oxidative and metabolic status. Body condition score (BCS) of the 24 animals at the beginning of the trial (30.4 ± 2 d before expected calving) was between 2.0 and 3.6. The BCS was recorded and blood samples were collected weekly during the last 30 d of pregnancy and the first 30 DIM. Plasma samples were analyzed to determine indices of oxidative status: reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM); thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS); thiol groups (SH); glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and indices of energy metabolism: glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, and nonesterified fatty acids. In erythrocytes we determined indices of oxidative status: GSH-Px, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and intracellular SH. Before calving, cows showed an increase of plasma SH, SOD, and SHPx, a decrease of erythrocyte GSH-Px and plasma ROM, and no changes in erythrocyte SH. After calving, cows showed a decrease of plasma and erythrocyte SH and SOD, and an increase of ROM, TBARS, and plasma GSH-Px. Cows with higher BCS at the beginning of the trial and greater loss of BCS after calving, had higher plasma ROM, TBARS, and SH, and lower SOD and erythrocyte SH in the postpartum period. Oxidative status of dairy cows was related to energy status. Cows with higher BHBA and NEFA showed higher ROM and TBARS and lower levels of antioxidants. Results of the present study demonstrated that cows can experience oxidative stress during the peripartum period, and cows with higher BCS and greaterBCS losses are more sensitive to oxidative stress.

Climatic effects on productive traits in livestock

Sat, 31 Dec 2005 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Climatic effects on productive traits in livestock Authors: Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: Each species, breed or animal category has its own thermal zone of comfort outside of which it experiences heat stress in the attempt to maintain homeothermy, so that less energy is available for production processes. Cold represents less of a problem than heat. Heat stress (HS) can negatively affect the number of spermatozoa and motile cells per ejaculate, impair oocyte growth, conception rates, embryo development, increase embryo mortality or reduce growth of the foetus during pregnancy. Heat stress also reduces dry matter intake, average daily weight gain and carcass weight and composition. In dairy cows, HS lowers the energy and protective value of colostrum, results in a lower milk yield and percentage of milk fat, protein, and lactose and causes changes in the proportions of protein fractions, fatty acid composition and rheological behaviour of milk. Sheep and goat milk production is similarly affected. In poultry, egg production, egg weight, shell weight and shell thickness are considerably worsened under high temperature conditions; egg breakage also increases. Areas of investigation are suggested to alleviate the negative effects of climatic constraints in livestock production systems.

Lymphocyte functions in dairy cows under hot environment

Fri, 31 Dec 2004 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Lymphocyte functions in dairy cows under hot environment Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto; Scalia, Daniela; Ronchi, Bruno; Kuzminsky, Giorgina; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: This study was carried out to ascertain the effects of intense high environmental temperatures (HET) on lymphocyte functions in periparturient dairy cows. The study was undertaken from the beginning of March through the end of July 2003 in a commercial dairy unit located approximately 40 km north of Rome. Thirty-four Holstein cows were utilised in the study. Twenty-two of these cows gave birth in spring (SP cows), from 28 March to 30 April. The remaining 12 cows gave birth in summer (SU cows), between 15 June and 2 July. The two groups of cows were balanced for parity and were fed the same rations. Blood samples were taken 4, 3, 2 and 1 week before calving, and 1, 2 and 4 weeks after calving, in order to evaluate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) function in vitro, and to determine plasma cortisol concentrations. After isolation, the PBMC were stimulated with mitogens and their response in terms of DNA synthesis and IgM secretion was measured. During spring, either the day (9– 20 h) or the night (21–8 h) temperature humidity index (THI) was below the upper critical THI (72) established for dairy cows. During summer, the mean daily THI values were 79.5±2.9 during the day and 70.1±4.7 during the night. Furthermore, during summer, three heat waves (a period of at least 3 consecutive days during which there were less than 10 recovery hours) occurred. Recovery hours were intended hours with a THI below 72. The first heat wave lasted 5 days, the second 6 days, and the third 15 days. Compared to the SP cows, over the entire periparturient period the extent of DNA synthesis and IgM secretion levels were lower (P ranging from <0.01 to 0.0001) and higher (P<0.01) respectively, in the SU cows. Before calving, the SU cows also presented higher (P<0.01)concentrations of plasma cortisol compared to the SP cows. This study indicates that the effects of HET on the immune response depend on the specific immune function under consideration, and that neuroendocrinal changes due to HET may play a role in the perturbation of immune functions

Lymphocyte functions in overconditioned cows around parturition

Fri, 31 Dec 2004 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Lymphocyte functions in overconditioned cows around parturition Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Scalia, Daniela; Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Pirazzi, Daniela; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationships between body condition and lymphocyte functions in periparturient dairy cows. Thirty days before expected calving, 21 Holstein cows were categorized as thin (n = 6), medium (n = 8), or overconditioned (n = 7) based on body condition score (BCS). Blood samples were collected on 21, 14, 7, and 3 d before calving and on d 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after parturition. An aliquot of blood was used to determine plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. At 14 and 7 d before, and 14 and 35 d after calving, a second aliquot of blood was used to assess peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) functions: DNAsynthesis, immunoglobulin (Ig) M, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion after mitogen stimulation. During the experiment, all 21 cows showed a decline in BCS. Overconditioned cows lost significantly more BCS than thin cows. After calving, overconditioned cows had higher plasma NEFA compared with thin and medium cows. Conversely, plasma glucose never differed between the 3 categories of cows. Regardless of BCS, DNA synthesis and IgM secretions were significantly lower in PBMC isolated on 7 d before calving compared with those recorded 14 and 35 d after parturition. Conversely, PBMCfrom the 21 cows did not show any change of IFN-γ secretion during the experimental period. Taking into consideration the BCS categories, PBMC isolated from overconditioned cows presented lower IgM secretion compared with thin cows on d 14 and 35 after calving. Furthermore, PBMC isolated from overconditioned cows secreted less IFN-γ compared with thin and medium cows on d 7 before calving. The DNA synthesis of PBMC stimulated with the 3 mitogens did not differ between the 3 categories of cows. In conclusion, immunodepression occurring in cows around calving would be particularly evident in overconditioned cows.

Effects of nonesterified fatty acids on lymphocyte functions in dairy heifers

Wed, 31 Dec 2003 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Effects of nonesterified fatty acids on lymphocyte functions in dairy heifers Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Scalia, Daniela; Franci, Ombretta; Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: This in vitro study was performed to assess the effects of various concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) on lymphocyte function of heifers. Nine Holstein heifers were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with various concentrations of NEFA (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mmol/L). The mixture of NEFA was represented by C16:0 (30%), C16:1 (5%), C18:0 (15%), C18:1 (45%), and C18:2 (5%). The DNA synthesis was diminished at concentrations of NEFA of 2, 1, and 0.5 mmol/L. The IgM secretion was inhibited at concentrations of NEFA of 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mmol/L. Secretion of IFN-γ was depressed at concentrations of NEFA of 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 mmol/L. Increases of plasma NEFA might contribute to explain the higher incidence of infections observed in cows suffering from energy deficit.

Contribution of organic farming to increase sustainability of Mediterranean small ruminants livestock systems

Tue, 31 Dec 2002 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Contribution of organic farming to increase sustainability of Mediterranean small ruminants livestock systems Authors: Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The aim of the paper is to evaluate the feasibility and constraints of organic farming to increase the sustainability of Mediterranean small ruminant livestock systems. The paper analyzes the factors affecting sustainability of small ruminant livestock systems in the Mediterranean basin, such as seasonal forage availability or suboptimal pasture utilisation due to overgrazing but also the factor of undergrazing. The paper considers how the application of practices of organic farming may contribute to promoting sustainable land use and improving environment conservation, animal welfare, and product quality. Also the prospects of new information-based technologies, like geographic information systems and global positioning systems, to improve sustainability are presented. A model of pasture-based dairy sheep production system is proposed, with special emphasis on the organisation of a farm forage system to meet animal nutritional requirement. Some options for an integrated strategy for the control of parasitic disease in small ruminant production systems are discussed. These are based on a combination of general prevention methods (i.e. risk control and identification), grazing management (i.e. multifunctional grassland management), nonchemical treatments (i.e. homeopathic herbal preparations) and novel approaches (i.e. biological control and bioactive forages). Comparative effects of phytotherapy and conventional treatment on dairy sheep helminthic disease and on metabolic status and animal welfare are presented. The prospects of organic farming are of particular interest for the less favoured Mediterranean areas, where it may contribute to the safeguard of agricultural functions, like care and preservation of landscape, and safeguarding of rural villages with positive effects on the quality of life in rural communities. Some activities would be particularly appropriate in natural parks, where small ruminants and other domestic animals interact with wildlife and where biodiversity must be preserved. For positive results a new collaborative decision-making process is required between rural and urban communities, businesses and government. In addition, strong supports from scientific research and the extension services are needed to correct and fully utilize new information technologies to exploit the magnitude and potential of organic farming for enhancement of sustainable small ruminant production systems in the Mediterranean region.

Evolution of livestock production and quality of animal products

Mon, 31 Dec 2001 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Evolution of livestock production and quality of animal products Authors: Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The evolution of livestock production is analysed on its historical perspective and forecasted up to year 2020. Livestock production needs at year 2020 and the amount of required animal populations are estimated on the basis of the trend of the period 1971-1999 relative to human population, consumption, and animal efficiency index. At word level, the deficit between production and needs is remarkable (42 million tons of meat, 40 million tons of milk and 5 million tons of eggs). People will eat mainly monogastric meat (about 73% of all meat), the increase in consumption of ruminant meat will be limited. The raise of animal population will be noticeable; an intensification of production will occur affecting quality of animal products and sustainability of production systems. Production policy will be necessary for bala ncing needs and products. The quality of products is considered, and the tools suitable for getting control over quality and safety of animal products, such as quality assurance programs, are analysed. Relationships between meat and milk characteristics and human health, and possible intervention to adjust meat and milk to a right human diet and consumer requirements, are reviewed.

Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during hot season

Mon, 31 Dec 2001 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during hot season Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The study was carried out to assess whether hot seasons affect the oxidative status of transition dairy cows. Twenty Holstein cows were utilized. Eleven of those cows gave birth in spring; the remaining nine cows gave birth in summer. Oxidative status was evaluated from 21 d before to 35 d after calving, determining oxidative markers in plasma [glutathione peroxidase activity, thiol groups, reactive oxygen metabolites, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and in erythrocytes [glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px-E), intracellular thiols (SH), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and TBARS]. The season did not modify plasma oxidative markers. In contrast, cows exposed to moderate heat stress (39.5 ± 0.2°C rectal temperatures) due to summer temperature-humidity index (73.2 ± 2.5 mean daily THI), showed higher erythrocyte SOD, GSH-Px- E, SH, and TBARS compared with spring cows, indicating a condition of oxidative stress in summer transition dairy cows. Some changes (the increase of SOD, for example), represent compensatory changes the cow is undergoing in response to increased oxidative stress. Under the conditions compared, the effect of heat stress on oxidative status in transition dairy cows by use of plasma markers does not give enough information to reach definitive conclusions. Erythrocytes are an appropriate and sensitive model to study the oxidative status of transition dairy cows exposed to hot environments.

Abundance of mRNA of apolipoprotein B100, apolipoprotein E, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in liver from periparturient dairy cows

Wed, 31 Dec 2003 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Abundance of mRNA of apolipoprotein B100, apolipoprotein E, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in liver from periparturient dairy cows Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Basiricò, Loredana; Pirazzi, Daniela; Rueca, Fabrizio; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Limited secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in dairy cows is strongly related to fatty liver and other metabolic disorders in the early postpartum. Currently, there is limited information on which roles apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)play in that VLDL limitation. To our knowledge, no studies have simultaneously measured ApoB100, ApoE, and MTP mRNA in periparturient dairy cows. Therefore, a trial was conducted to assess liver gene expression of these proteins in transition dairy cows and to evaluate the relationships between their expression and metabolic status. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were monitored during the transition period. To evaluate metabolic and nutritional status, body condition score was registered, and plasma indexes of energy metabolism and VLDL were determined from 35 d before to 35 d after calving. Liver biopsies were performed on d −35, 3, and 35 relative to day of calving, and gene expression of ApoB100, ApoE, andMTPwere determined on liver tissue. Body condition, plasma glucose and VLDL decreased, and plasma NEFA and BHBA increased after calving. Compared with values of d −35, on d 3 after calving the ApoB100 mRNA synthesis was lower, whereas MTP and ApoE mRNA abundance were higher. Negative correlation (r = −0.57) between plasma NEFA concentration and ApoB100 mRNA abundance, and positive correlation between ApoB100 mRNA abundance and plasma cholesterol (r = 0.65) and plasma albumins (r = 0.52) were detected at 3 d postpartum. Data on changes of gene expression of the 3 main proteins involved in the regulation of synthesis and secretion of VLDL in the liver suggest that decreased mRNA for ApoB100 may be consistent with decreased synthesis and/or secretion ofVLDL from liver during the periparturient period.

Double muscling in Marchigiana beef breed is caused by a stop codon in the third exon of myostatin gene

Tue, 31 Dec 2002 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Double muscling in Marchigiana beef breed is caused by a stop codon in the third exon of myostatin gene Authors: Marchitelli, Cinzia; Savarese, Maria Carmela; Crisà, Alessandra; Nardone, Alessandro; Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo; Valentini, Alessio Abstract: Double muscling is a partially recessive trait present in some beef breeds. It shows a high frequency in some breeds, while in others the frequency is low, and double-muscled individuals are rare. The double muscling is caused by an allelic series of mutations that cause a loss of function of the myostatin gene (GDF8). We describe here a new mutation in the myostatin gene in Marchigiana breed, a typical beef breed of Central Italy, in which rare double-muscling individuals have been described. A PCR product of the third exon was sequenced in subjects phenotypically showing double muscling, and a C > T transversion was discovered that introduces a premature stop codon. The variant found adds to the large series of mutations present in cattle, and particularly to the only two causative of double muscling in the third exon. A PCR-RFLP test is described for the rapid and effective identification of both heterozygous and homozygous subjects. It was applied to a larger survey carried on the same and also in two other beef breeds, Chianina and Romagnola. Further individuals carrying the new variant were found in Marchigiana, but none in the other breeds. The results may be important for a better comprehension of the role of myostatin in muscular development, for commercial use and for the inference of phylogeny of this gene.

Heat Stress Elicits Different Responses in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Brown Swiss and Holstein Cows

Sat, 31 Dec 2005 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Heat Stress Elicits Different Responses in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Brown Swiss and Holstein Cows Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto; Scalia, Daniela; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: This study was undertaken to assess whether peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from Brown Swiss (Br) and Holstein (Ho) cows and stimulated with concanavalin A differ in response to chronic exposure to incubation temperatures simulating conditions of hyperthermia. Five multiparous Br and 5 Ho cows were utilized as blood donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were subjected for 65 h to each of 5 treatments (T). Cells were exposed to 39°Ccontinuously (T39) and three 13-h cycles at 40 (T40), 41 (T41), 42 (T42) or 43°C (T43), respectively, which were interspersed with two 13-h cycles at 39°C. Treatment T39 was adopted to mimic normothermia; T40, T41, T42, and T43 mimicked conditions of more severe hyperthermia alternating with normothermia. Measures evaluated at the end of the incubation period were proliferative response (DNA synthesis), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, and mRNA abundance of the 72-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp72). In Br cows,DNAsynthesis began to decline whenPBMCwere repeatedly exposed to 41°C (−22%), whereas DNA synthesis in cells isolated from Ho cows did not begin to decline until 42°C (−40%). Furthermore, under T41 and T42, DNA synthesis from Br cows was lower than in Ho (−24 and −54%, respectively). In both breeds, increased incubation temperatures caused a reduction of intracellular ROS (from −39.6 and −69.7%). Increase in incubation temperatures enhanced Hsp72 mRNA levels only in PBMC isolated from Br cows. The Hsp72 mRNA in Br cows increased significantly under T41 and T43 compared with T39. In both breeds, DNA synthesis was positively and negatively correlated with intracellular ROS and Hsp72 mRNA abundance, respectively (r = 0.85 and r = −0.70, respectively). Results indicated that PBMC from Br cows are less tolerant to chronic heat exposure than those from Ho cows, and that the lower tolerance is associated with higher expression of Hsp72, suggesting that the same level of hyperthermia may be associated with a differential decline of immune function in the 2 breeds.

Photoperiod Affects Gene Expression of Leptin and Leptin Receptors in Adipose Tissue from Lactating Dairy Cows

Sat, 31 Dec 2005 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Photoperiod Affects Gene Expression of Leptin and Leptin Receptors in Adipose Tissue from Lactating Dairy Cows Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Lacetera, Nicola; Morera, Patrizia; Ronchi, Bruno; Accorsi, Pier Attilio; Seren, Eraldo; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Leptin is mainly secreted by adipocytes and is implicated in the regulation of metabolic status, feed intake, and body condition. Day length (DL) can affect leptin gene expression and secretion. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of DL on gene expression of leptin and leptin receptors in adipose tissue (AT). Four lactating and pregnant Holstein cows were housed in a climate-controlled chamber for 51 d. The first 30 d were used to adapt animals to the new housing conditions. During that period the DL adopted was 12 h light:12 h dark (12:12). The experimental period included 3 different and consecutive phases: 7 d of neutral DL (12:12); 7 d of long DL (18 h light:6 h dark); and 7 d of short DL (6 h light:18 h dark). Subcutaneous AT biopsies were performed at the end of each phase. Prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol, leptin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, β-OH-butyrate, and cholesterol were determined in plasma samples. Abundance of leptin mRNA, and Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb leptin receptormRNA were determined in AT samples by ribonuclease protection assay. Day length did not affect feed intake or body condition score. Exposure to short DL significantly reduced milk yield (13.1 ± 2.2 vs. 15.8 ± 1.7 and 16.0 ± 2.0 kg/d for short vs. neutral and long DL, respectively). Plasma leptin, growth hormone, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids, β-OH-butyrate, and glucose were not affected by DL; cholesterol was lowest under short DL (3.93 ± 0.38 vs. 4.36 ± 0.39 and 4.07 ± 0.38 mmol/L for short vs. neutral and long DL, respectively). Prolactin increased under long DL (134.82 ± 16.94 vs. 81.98 ± 20.25 and 96.16 ± 0.38 ng/mL for long vs. neutral and short DL, respectively). Gene expression of leptin and its receptors was affected by DL. Leptin mRNA increased under long DL (11.91 ± 0.84 vs. 7.82 ± 0.84 and 7.56 ± 0.84 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for long vs. neutral and short DL, respectively). Leptin receptors Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb mRNA were higher under long DL, whereas Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb mRNA were lower under short DL (Ob-Ra: 1.91 ± 0.41, 2.49 ± 0.41, and 0.65 ± 0.41 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for neutral, long, and short DL, respectively; Ob-Rb: 5.29 ± 0.79, 5.98 ± 0.68, and 2.02 ± 0.70 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for neutral, long, and short DL, respectively). Results of the present study appear to exclude an effect of feed intake and metabolic status on leptin gene expression. A prolactinmediated effect of photoperiod on AT leptin modulation may be proposed in lactating dairy cows.

Cellular thermotolerance is associated with heat shock protein 70.1 genetic polymorphisms in Holstein lactating cows

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Cellular thermotolerance is associated with heat shock protein 70.1 genetic polymorphisms in Holstein lactating cows Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Primi, Valentina; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the association between inducible Hsp70.1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and heat shock (HS) response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in dairy cows. Exposure to HS differently affected cell viability and gene and protein expression of Hsp70.1 in the selected genotypes. These results indicate that the presence of SNPs (C/- and G/T) in the 5′-UTR region of inducible Hsp70.1 ameliorates HS response and tolerance to heat of bovine PBMC. These mutation sites may be useful as molecular genetic markers to assist selection for heat tolerance. Il presente studio ha lo scopo di studiare l’associazione tra il polimorfismo genetico al locus delle Hsp70.1 e la risposta allo shock termico (ST) da caldo in linfociti ottenuti da vacche da latte. L’Esposizione allo ST ha influenzato in modo differente la vitalità cellulare e la espressione genetica e proteica delle Hsp70.1 nei diversi polimorfismi testati. I risultati indicano che la presenza di SNP (C/- e G/T) nella regione 5’-UTR delle Hsp70.1 migliora la risposta e la tolleranza allo ST. Queste mutazioni potrebbero essere utilizzate come marcatori genetici molecolari per assistere la selezione genetica verso la termo tolleranza al caldo.

Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 affect the oxidative status of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Dynamics of the temperature-humidity index in the Mediterranean basin

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Dynamics of the temperature-humidity index in the Mediterranean basin Authors: Segnalini, Maria; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto; Vitali, Andrea; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola Abstract: The study was aimed at describing the temperature humidity index (THI) dynamics over the Mediterranean basin for the period 1951–2007. Results indicated that several areas of the basin present summer THI values which were unfavorable to cow welfare and productivity, and that risk of heat stress for cows is generally greater in the countries of the south coast of the basin. Furthermore, THI data from the summer 2003 revealed that severe positive anomalies may impact areas normally characterized by a favorable climate for animal production. In conclusion, THI dynamics should be taken into careful consideration by farmers and policy makers operating in Mediterranean countries when planning investments in the sector of animal production. The investments should at least partially be directed towards implementation of adaptation measures, which may help to alleviate the impact of hot on farm animals welfare, performance and health. Lo studio ha lo scopo di descrivere le dinamiche dell’indice di temperature e umidità (THI) nel bacino del Mediterraneo per il periodo dal 1951 al 2077. I risultati ottenuti indicano che diverse aree del bacino del Mediterraneo presentano valori di THI sfavorevoli per il benessere e la produttività della vacca da latte, e che il rischio è superiore per i paese della costa sud del Mediterraneo. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato come periodi particolari quali ad esempio l’estate del 2003 hanno prodotto anomalie climatiche che possono impattare negativamente anche in aree in cui normalmente non si rilevano problemi di stress. In conclusione, le dinamiche del THI dovrebbero essere prese in considerazione dagli allevatori dell’area del Mediterraneo per la pianificazione della tipologia di investimenti nel campo delle produzioni animali. Gli investimenti dovrebbero, almeno in parte, prevedere misure di adattamento per alleviare l’impatto dello stress da caldo sul benessere, sulla salute e sulle performances degli animali allevati.

Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems

Thu, 31 Dec 2009 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems Authors: Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola; Ranieri, Maria Stella; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: The effects of climate change are controversial. This paper reviews the effects of climate change on livestock following the theory of global warming. Hot environment impairs production (growth, meat and milk yield and quality, egg yield, weight, and quality) and reproductive performance, metabolic and health status, and immune response. To guide the evolution of livestock production systems under the increase of temperature and extreme events, better information is needed regarding biophysical and social vulnerability, and this must be integrated with agriculture and livestock components. Gli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici sono controversi. Questo lavoro raccoglie informazioni sugli effetti delle variazioni climatiche sui sistemi di produzione zootecnica seguendo la teoria del riscaldamento globale. Lo stress da caldo ha effetti negativi sulla produzione (accrescimento, carne, latte e uova), sulla efficienze riproduttiva, sullo stato metabolico, sulla salute e sulla risposta immunitaria. Per fornire indicazioni sulla evoluzione delle produzioni zootecniche in condizioni di stress da caldo bisogna migliorare le informazioni riguardo alla vulnerabilità sociale e biofisica, e queste devono essere integrate da conoscenze nell’ambito zootecnico e sgricolo.

Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 affect the oxidative status of bovine peripheralblood mononuclear cells

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 affect the oxidative status of bovine peripheralblood mononuclear cells Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Colavecchia, Luciana; Danieli, Pier Paolo; Basiricò, Loredana; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites having a high cytotoxic potential. They are produced by molds and released in food and feed. To date, the mechanisms underlying the mycotoxin-induced cytotoxicity have not been fully clarified. The induction of oxidative stress, as a possible mechanism, has been postulated. This in vitro study was focused on the effect of two widely occurring mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), on the oxidative status of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) incubated for 2 and 7 days at different levels of AFB1 (0, 5 and 20 lg/ml) and FB1 (0, 35 and 70 lg/ml). Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), intracellular thiols (SH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and gene expression of cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX-1) were measured on PBMC after incubation. The highest concentration of AFB1 and all concentrations of FB1 caused an increase (p < 0.05) of intracellular ROM without any time dependent effect. Intracellular SH decreased with 20 lgAFB1/ml (p < 0.05) and the effect was particularly marked after 7 days of exposure. Intracellular SH were not affected by FB1 even though a lower (p < 0.05) SH level after 2 days exposure than after 7 days was observed. MDA increased (p < 0.05) in AFB1 or FB1 treated PBMC. The exposure to FB1 for 7 days increased MDA (p < 0.05) only in cells treated with 70 lg/ml. Exposure of PBMC to AFB1 reduced SOD mRNA while FB1 decreased both SOD and GSHPX-1 mRNA abundance. These results demonstrate that, even though by different mechanisms, AFB1 and FB1 may induce cytotoxicity through an impairment of the oxidative status of PBMC.

Heat shock modulates adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Heat shock modulates adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Studies have demonstrated that heat shock is associated with alteration in energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of heat shock on gene expression and secretion of adiponectin and leptin, and gene expression of Hspa2 and Pparg in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compared with 37 8C, adiponectin mRNA was higher at 39 8C, and lower at 41 8C. Leptin mRNA was higher when adipocytes were exposed to 41 8C compared with 37 and 39 8C. Secretion of adiponectin increased at 39 8C, and when cells were exposed to 41 8C it was not detectable. Leptin secretion increased significantly at 41 8C, compared with 37 and 39 8C. Hspa2 mRNA was increased at 39 8C, and the highest level was reached at 41 8C. Pparg mRNA exhibited a substantial increase in a temperature-dependent manner. The study provides the first evidence of a possible direct effect of heat shock on adiponectin and leptin gene expression and secretion, and demonstrates that the expression of the two adipokines is differentially regulated at the temperatures tested.

Heat shock impairs DNA synthesis and down-regulates gene expression for leptin and Ob-Rb receptor in concanavalin A-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Heat shock impairs DNA synthesis and down-regulates gene expression for leptin and Ob-Rb receptor in concanavalin A-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: This study verified whether leptin or its long isoform receptor (Ob-Rb) genes are expressed in proliferating lymphocytes from bovine species, and whether their expression changes with increased temperatures. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from five Holstein cows were incubated in the presence of concanavalin A, and alternatively subjected for 65 h to each of the following treatments (T): 39 8C continuously (T39) or three 13-h cycles at 40 (T40), 41 (T41) or 42 8C (T42), respectively, which were alternated with two 13-h cycles at 39 8C. T39 mimicked normothermia; T40, 41 and 42 mimicked conditions of hyperthermia alternated with normothermia. PBMC proliferation declined under T42. Compared with T39, levels of mRNA for leptin was lower under T42, whereas mRNA for Ob-Rb was lower in lymphocytes cultured both under T41 and T42. DNA synthesis was positively correlated with leptinmRNA. This study supports the concept that severe heat stress impairs proliferation of bovine PBMC, confirms that bovine lymphocytes express Ob-Rb gene, and provides the first experimental evidence that bovine lymphocytes express gene for leptin, and that increased temperatures are associated with altered gene expression for leptin and Ob-Rb.

Cellular thermotolerance is associated with heat shockprotein 70.1 genetic polymorphisms in Holstein lactating cow

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Cellular thermotolerance is associated with heat shockprotein 70.1 genetic polymorphisms in Holstein lactating cow Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Primi, Valentina; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are known to protect cells from several stressors. Nucleotide changes in the flanking regions [5′- and 3′-untranslated region (UTR)] of Hsp gene might affect inducibility, degree of expression, or stability of Hsp70 mRNA. The present study aimed to investigate the association between inducible Hsp70.1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and heat shock (HS) response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in dairy cows. Four hundred forty-six Italian Holstein cows were genotyped for four Hsp70.1 SNPs: g895 C/- and g1128 G/T in 5′-UTR, and g2154 G/A and g64 G/T in 3′-UTR. Genetic polymorphisms in 3′-UTR of bovine Hsp70.1 gene resulted monomorphic. Distribution of alleles of the nucleotide sequence polymorphism within the 5′-UTR of the bovine Hsp70.1 gene were 81.2% and 18.8% for C and -, respectively, and 77.8% and 22.2% for G and T, respectively. Among the 446 genotyped animals, a group of cows balanced for days in milk and parity was selected to be representative of the following genotypes: CC (n=8), C- (n=7), and – (n=7) and GG (n=8), GT (n=11), and TT (n=3) in 5′-UTR. PBMC were isolated from blood samples and heated at 43°C in thermal bath for 1 h and then incubated at 39°C in atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 1,2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h (recovery times). Cell viability was determined by XTT assay. Gene and protein expression of Hsp70.1 was determined by real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and by ELISA assay, respectively.For the two SNPs detected, one allele was the most frequent (C, 66.8% and G, 56.8%). Genotypes – and TG showed higher (P<0.05) viability compared with CC and GG, respectively. Genotypes C- and TT had intermediate viability. Gene expression of Hsp70.1 showed higher (P<0.001) levels in – and TG genotype compared with their counterparts. Genotypes – and TG showed the higher level of inducible Hsp70.1 protein in respect to C-, TT and CC, GG. In conclusion, exposure to HS differently affected cell viability and gene and protein expression of Hsp70.1 in the selected genotypes. These results indicate that the presence of SNPs (C/- and G/T) in the 5′-UTR region of inducible Hsp70.1 ameliorates HS response and tolerance to heat of bovine PBMC. These mutation sites may be useful as molecular genetic markers to assist selection for heat tolerance.

Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants

Thu, 31 Dec 2009 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Lacetera, Nicola; Baumgard, Lance H.; Rhoads, Robert P.; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Environmentally induced periods of heat stress decrease productivity with devastating economic consequences to global animal agriculture. Acclimatization is a process by which animals adapt to environmental conditions and engage behavioral, hormonal and metabolic changes that are characteristics of either acclimatory homeostasis or homeorhetic mechanisms used by the animals to survive in a new ‘physiological state’. These physiological modifications alter nutrient partitioning and may prevent heat-stressed lactating cows from recruiting glucose-sparing mechanisms. How these metabolic changes are initiated and regulated is not known. A better understanding of the adaptations enlisted by ruminants during heat stress is necessary to enhance the likelihood of developing strategies to simultaneously improve heat tolerance and increase productivity. Periodo prolungati di stress da caldo severo inducono effetti negative sulla produzione con conseguenze devastanti sulla economia del comparto agro-zootecnico. L’acclimatamento è un processo attraverso cui gli animali si adattano alla variazione delle condizioni ambientali modificando il loro comportamento e variano l’equilibrio ormonale e metabolico con meccanismi di tipo sia omeostatico sia omeoretico con lo scopo di sopravvivere alle nuove condizioni raggiungendo un nuovo stato fisiologico. Queste modificazioni fisiologiche alterano la ripartizione dei nutrienti e possono essere responsabili di una maggiore e diverso utilizzo del glucosio. Come queste variazioni e adattamenti metabolici hanno inizio non è ancora ben noto. Una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi di adattamento dei ruminanti alle condizioni di stress da caldo, permetterà di sviluppare strategie per contemporaneamente migliorare la termo tolleranza e la produttività di soggetti esposti a condizioni stressanti.

The Hsp72 response in peri-parturient dairy cows: relationships with metabolic and immunological parameters

Thu, 31 Dec 2009 23:00:00 GMT

Title: The Hsp72 response in peri-parturient dairy cows: relationships with metabolic and immunological parameters Authors: Catalani, Elisabetta; Amadori, Massimo; Vitali, Andrea; Bernabucci, Umberto; Nardone, Alessandro; Lacetera, Nicola Abstract: The study was aimed at assessing whether the peri-parturient period is associated with changes of intracellular and plasma inducible heat shock proteins (Hsp) 72 kDa molecular weight in dairy cows, and to establish possible relationships between Hsp72, metabolic, and immunological parameters subjected to changes around calving. The study was carried out on 35 healthy periparturient Holstein cows. Three, two, and one week before the expected calving, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after calving, body conditions score (BCS) was measured and blood samples were collected to separate plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Concentrations of Hsp72 in PBMC and plasma increased sharply after calving. In the post-calving period, BCS and plasma glucose declined, whereas plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased. The proliferative responses of PBMC to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined progressively after calving. The percentage of PBMC expressing CD14 receptors and Toll-like receptors (TLR)-4 increased and decreased in the early postpartum period, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between Hsp72 and NEFA, and between PBMC proliferation in response to LPS and the percentage of PBMC expressing TLR-4. Conversely, significant negative relationships were found between LPS-triggered proliferation of PBMC and both intracellular and plasma Hsp72. Literature data and changes of metabolic and immunological parameters reported herein authorize a few interpretative hypotheses and encourage further studies aimed at assessing possible cause and effect relationships between changes of PBMC and circulating Hsp72, metabolic, and immune parameters in dairy cows.

Down-regulation of hepatic ApoB100 expression during hot season in transition dairy cows

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Down-regulation of hepatic ApoB100 expression during hot season in transition dairy cows Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: Heat stress is recognized as one of the main factors adversely affecting yield, reproduction and health of dairy ruminants. The peripartum period is the most critical phase for dairy cows. The interaction between heat stress and physiological stress imposed by the peripartum, might worsen the metabolic status of transition dairy cows. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of hot season on metabolic status and on hepatic apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) expression during the peripartum period in Holstein dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were utilized in the study. Twelve cows gave birth in spring (SP: 28 March to 30 April). The remaining 12 cows gave birth in summer (SU: 15 June to 2 July). The two groups were balanced for parity and body condition score (BCS) and monitored from −30 to 35 d relative to calving. Values of air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded at 1 h intervals and were utilized to calculate the temperature–humidity index (THI). Milk production and BCS were recorded weekly. Blood samples were taken at 0800 h from the jugular vein −30, −18, and −4 d prepartum and 3, 17, and 35 d postpartum. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, urea, cholesterol, β-OH butyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ApoB100. Liver biopsies were performed on d −30, 3, and 35 relative to day of calving, and tissue samples were used for histopathological examination, and for ApoB100 mRNA and protein determination. Milk yield in SU cows was lower than in their SP counterparts. During summer, transition cows showed lower glucose and cholesterol, higher NEFA and BHBA, had lower liver ApoB100 gene and protein expression and higher lipid accumulation in liver compared with transition cows during spring. The current study provides the first evidence about the negative effects of hot season on ApoB100 gene and protein expression in transition dairy cows. The down-regulation of ApoB100 expression together with higher circulating NEFA and altered lipid metabolism are likely to be responsible for the higher risk of liver lipidosis in transition SU cows. These metabolic conditions make transition cows more susceptible to metabolic diseases during hot season.

Heat shock induced changes of adipokines gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Sun, 31 Dec 2006 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Heat shock induced changes of adipokines gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: To study the effects of heat shock on adipokines gene expression 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used. Heat shock differently affected gene expression of leptin, adiponectin and acylation stimulating protein (ASP): exposure of cells to temperature higher than 39°C caused upregulation of leptin and downregulation of adiponectin and ASP genes. The present study provides the first evidence about the effects of heat shock on adipokines gene expression. Changes in gene expression of the three adipokines may help to explain the alteration of lipid metabolism and liver functionality occurring in animals exposed to hot conditions.

Gene expression and protein secretion of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) in transition dairy cows under hot or thermoneutral environments

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Gene expression and protein secretion of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) in transition dairy cows under hot or thermoneutral environments Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Bernabucci, Umberto; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of hot season on gene expression and protein secretion of ApoB100 in transition dairy cows. Hot season strongly down-regulated ApoB100 gene and protein expression. This condition and the higher circulating NEFA were responsible for the higher lipid accumulation in liver of heat-stressed transition cows.

Influence of different periods of exposure to hot environment on rumen function and diet digestibility in sheep

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Influence of different periods of exposure to hot environment on rumen function and diet digestibility in sheep Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Lacetera, Nicola; Danieli, Pier Paolo; Bani, Paolo; Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: Effects of different periods of exposure to hot environments on rumen function, diet digestibility and digesta passage rate were studied in four adult notpregnant Sardinian ewes housed in a climatic chamber. The ewes were kept in individual metabolic cages. The trial lasted 83 days; 17 days were spent under thermal comfort conditions (TC) [temperature-humidity index (THI)=65.0±2.0], followed by 49 days under elevated THI (ETHI: THI=82.0±2.5) and 17 days under thermal comfort (TC; THI=65.0±1.0). Five digestibility and passage rate trials were carried out during the 83 days. Trials 1 and 5 were carried out under TC; trials 2, 3 and 4 were carried out under ETHI. Values of rectal temperatures (39.7±0.3°C) and respiratory rate (118.4±31.8 breaths/min) indicated that sheep under ETHI were heat-stressed. Heat stress caused an increase (P<0.01) in water intake, and reductions (P<0.05) in dry matter intake, rumen pH, rumen cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria count, rumen osmolarity, organic matter, dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and non-structural carbohydrates digestibility coefficients, and a reduction of digesta passage rates. Under ETHI, diet digestibility and passage rate of digesta were reduced in a time-dependent fashion. Variation of diet digestibility underETHI was not related to passage rate of digesta and feed intake. Reduction of cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria and the adaptive response to hot environment seem to be related to alteration of digestibility observed in ewes chronically exposed to hot environment.

Heat shock modulates adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Liver apolipoprotein B100 expression and secretion are down-regulated early postpartum in dairy cows

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Liver apolipoprotein B100 expression and secretion are down-regulated early postpartum in dairy cows Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Pirazzi, Daniela; Rueca, Fabrizio; Lacetera, Nicola; Lepri, Enrica; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Fatty liver is a typical condition early postpartum in dairy cows. The aim of the present study was to evaluate gene expression, synthesis and secretion of liver apolipoprotein B100 (Apo-B100) in periparturient dairy cows. The relationships between Apo-B100 with liver lipid accumulation, and metabolic and oxidative status were also investigated. The trial was carried out in a commercial dairy herd. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows due to calve in Aprilwere monitored from 30 d prepartum to 35 d postpartum. Milk yield was recorded, and body condition (BCS) of cows was scored. Blood samples were taken at − 30±3, − 18±2, and − 4±1 d prepartum (before expected calving) and at 3, 17, and 35 d postpartum. Plasma and erythrocyte samples were obtained and analyzed. Glucose, NEFA, BHBA, cholesterol, albumin, Apo-B100, reactive oxygen metabolites, thiol groups, and glutathione peroxidase were determined in plasma. Reactive oxygen metabolites, thiol groups, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were determined in erythrocytes. Liver biopsies were performed on d−30, 3, and 35 relative to day of calving. Liver samples were analyzed to determine fat accumulation, Apo-B100 mRNA and Apo-B100 protein. Milk yield, BCS, and plasma indices of metabolic status showed expected changes for that physiological phase. Oxidative status indices indicated an oxidative stress condition early postpartum. Fat accumulation in liver increased after calving and no significant difference was found between values observed at 3 and 35 DIM. Gene expression as well as cellular and plasma concentration of Apo-B100 were higher prepartum compared with postpartum. Apo-B100 mRNA was not different between 3 and 35 DIM, whereas both cellular and plasma Apo-B100 increased from 3 to 35 DIM. The study demonstrates that Apo-B100 is regulated at the level of transcription and post-transcription. Changes of gene and protein Apo-B100 expression may contribute to the accumulation of triglyceride in liver taking place early postpartum in dairy cows.

Down-regulation of hepatic ApoB100 expression during hot season in transition dairy cows.

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Down-regulation of hepatic ApoB100 expression during hot season in transition dairy cows. Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: Heat stress is recognized as one of the main factors adversely affecting yield, reproduction and health of dairy ruminants. The peripartum period is the most critical phase for dairy cows. The interaction between heat stress and physiological stress imposed by the peripartum, might worsen the metabolic status of transition dairy cows. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of hot season on metabolic status and on hepatic apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) expression during the peripartum period in Holstein dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were utilized in the study. Twelve cows gave birth in spring (SP: 28 March to 30 April). The remaining 12 cows gave birth in summer (SU: 15 June to 2 July). The two groups were balanced for parity and body condition score (BCS) and monitored from −30 to 35 d relative to calving. Values of air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded at 1 h intervals and were utilized to calculate the temperature–humidity index (THI). Milk production and BCS were recorded weekly. Blood samples were taken at 0800 h from the jugular vein −30, −18, and −4 d prepartum and 3, 17, and 35 d postpartum. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, urea, cholesterol, β-OH butyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ApoB100. Liver biopsies were performed on d −30, 3, and 35 relative to day of calving, and tissue samples were used for histopathological examination, and for ApoB100 mRNA and protein determination. Milk yield in SU cows was lower than in their SP counterparts. During summer, transition cows showed lower glucose and cholesterol, higher NEFA and BHBA, had lower liver ApoB100 gene and protein expression and higher lipid accumulation in liver compared with transition cows during spring. The current study provides the first evidence about the negative effects of hot season on ApoB100 gene and protein expression in transition dairy cows. The down-regulation of ApoB100 expression together with higher circulating NEFA and altered lipid metabolism are likely to be responsible for the higher risk of liver lipidosis in transition SU cows. These metabolic conditions make transition cows more susceptible to metabolic diseases during hot season.

Heat shock impairs DNA synthesis for leptin and Ob-Rb receptor in concanavalin A-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Heat shock impairs DNA synthesis for leptin and Ob-Rb receptor in concanavalin A-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: This study verified whether leptin or its long isoform receptor (Ob-Rb) genes are expressed in proliferating lymphocytes from bovine species, and whether their expression changes with increased temperatures. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from five Holstein cows were incubated in the presence of concanavalin A, and alternatively subjected for 65 h to each of the following treatments (T): 39 8C continuously (T39) or three 13-h cycles at 40 (T40), 41 (T41) or 42 8C (T42), respectively, which were alternated with two 13-h cycles at 39 8C. T39 mimicked normothermia; T40, 41 and 42 mimicked conditions of hyperthermia alternated with normothermia. PBMC proliferation declined under T42. Compared with T39, levels of mRNA for leptin was lower under T42, whereas mRNA for Ob-Rb was lower in lymphocytes cultured both under T41 and T42. DNA synthesis was positively correlated with leptinmRNA. This study supports the concept that severe heat stress impairs proliferation of bovine PBMC, confirms that bovine lymphocytes express Ob-Rb gene, and provides the first experimental evidence that bovine lymphocytes express gene for leptin, and that increased temperatures are associated with altered gene expression for leptin and Ob-Rb.

Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows Authors: Vitali, Andrea; Segnalini, Maria; Bertocchi, Luigi; Bernabucci, Umberto; Nardone, Alessandro; Lacetera, Nicola Abstract: The 2 studies described investigated seasonal variations of mortality and temperature-humidity index (THI)–mortality relationships in dairy cows. Mortality data were extracted from the Italian Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy databases, which contain records on cows older than 24 mo that died on a farm from all causes (98% of total records), were slaughtered in an emergency state, or were sent for normal slaughter but were sick in the preslaughter inspection (2% of total records). Both studies evaluated mortality data during a 6-yr period (2002 to 2007). The seasonal pattern study was conducted throughout Italy and was based on 320,120 deaths. An association between season and deaths was found for all 6 yr. Summer and spring were the seasons with the highest and lowest frequency of deaths (15,773.3 ± 2,861 and 11,619.3 ± 792.3), respectively, and within summer months, the number of deaths in July and August (5,435 ± 284 and 5,756 ± 676.2, respectively) was higher than in June (4,839 ± 344.8). The THI–mortality relationships study was carried out only for deaths (51,240) reported for the Lombardia and Emilia Romagna regions. For this study, the mortality databases were integrated with THI data, which were calculated by using data from 73 weather stations. Each farm where deaths were recorded was assigned the THI values (maximum and minimum) calculated at the closest weather station for each day the events (deaths) were reported. Analysis of data indicated that approximate THI values of 80 and 70 were the maximum and minimum THI, respectively, above which the number of deaths in dairy farms starts to increase. Maximum and minimum THI values of 87 and 77 were the upper critical THI above which the risk of death for dairy cows becomes maximum. This study defined quantitative relationships between mortality risk and THI in dairy cows and may help to provide emergency interventions and mitigation measures, which may ensure survival of dairy cows and reduce replacement costs associated with heat stress-related mortality.

Down-regulation of hepatic ApoB100 expression during hot season in transition dairy cows

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

The Hsp72 response in peri-parturient dairy cows: relationships with metabolic and immunological parameters.

Thu, 31 Dec 2009 23:00:00 GMT

Title: The Hsp72 response in peri-parturient dairy cows: relationships with metabolic and immunological parameters. Authors: Catalani, Elisabetta; Amadori, Massimo; Vitali, Andrea; Bernabucci, Umberto; Nardone, Alessandro; Lacetera, Nicola Abstract: The study was aimed at assessing whether the peri-parturient period is associated with changes of intracellular and plasma inducible heat shock proteins (Hsp) 72 kDa molecular weight in dairy cows, and to establish possible relationships between Hsp72, metabolic, and immunological parameters subjected to changes around calving. The study was carried out on 35 healthy periparturient Holstein cows. Three, two, and one week before the expected calving, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after calving, body conditions score (BCS) was measured and blood samples were collected to separate plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Concentrations of Hsp72 in PBMC and plasma increased sharply after calving. In the post-calving period, BCS and plasma glucose declined, whereas plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased. The proliferative responses of PBMC to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined progressively after calving. The percentage of PBMC expressing CD14 receptors and Toll-like receptors (TLR)-4 increased and decreased in the early postpartum period, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between Hsp72 and NEFA, and between PBMC proliferation in response to LPS and the percentage of PBMC expressing TLR-4. Conversely, significant negative relationships were found between LPS-triggered proliferation of PBMC and both intracellular and plasma Hsp72. Literature data and changes of metabolic and immunological parameters reported herein authorize a few interpretative hypotheses and encourage further studies aimed at assessing possible cause and effect relationships between changes of PBMC and circulating Hsp72, metabolic, and immune parameters in dairy cows.

Dynamics of the temperature-humidity index in the Mediterranean basin

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Dynamics of the temperature-humidity index in the Mediterranean basin Authors: Segnalini, Maria; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto; Vitali, Andrea; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola Abstract: The study was aimed at describing the temperature humidity index (THI) dynamics over the Mediterranean basin for the period 1951–2007. The THI combines temperature and humidity into a single value, and may help to predict the effects of environmental warmth in farm animals. In particular, on the basis of THI values, numerous studies have been performed to establish thresholds for heat stress in dairy cows. The THI was calculated by using monthly mean values of temperature and humidity obtained from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis project. The analysis demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity of THI patterns over the Mediterranean basin, a strong north–south gradient, and an overall warming during the study period, which was particularly marked during summer seasons. Results indicated that several areas of the basin present summer THI values which were unfavorable to cow welfare and productivity, and that risk of heat stress for cows is generally greater in the countries of the south coast of the basin. Furthermore, THI data from the summer 2003 revealed that severe positive anomalies may impact areas normally characterized by a favorable climate for animal production. In conclusion, THI dynamics should be taken into careful consideration by farmers and policy makers operating in Mediterranean countries when planning investments in the sector of animal production. The investments should at least partially be directed towards implementation of adaptation measures, which may help to alleviate the impact of hot on farm animals welfare, performance and health.

Heat shock induced changes of adipokines gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Heat shock induced changes of adipokines gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: To study the effects of heat shock on adipokines gene expression 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used. Heat shock differently affected gene expression of leptin, adiponectin and acylation stimulating protein (ASP):exposure of cells to temperature higher than 39°C caused upregulation of leptin and downregulation of adiponectin and ASP genes. The present study provides the first evidence about the effects of heat shock on adipokines gene expression. Changes in gene expression of the three adipokines may help to explain the alteration of lipid metabolism and liver functionality occurring in animals exposed to hot conditions.

Heat shock impairs DNA synthesis and down-regulates gene expression for leptin and Ob-Rb receptor in concanavalin A-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Heat shock impairs DNA synthesis and down-regulates gene expression for leptin and Ob-Rb receptor in concanavalin A-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: This study verified whether leptin or its long isoform receptor (Ob-Rb) genes are expressed in proliferating lymphocytes from bovine species, and whether their expression changes with increased temperatures. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from five Holstein cows were incubated in the presence of concanavalin A, and alternatively subjected for 65 h to each of the following treatments (T): 39 8C continuously (T39) or three 13-h cycles at 40 (T40), 41 (T41) or 42 8C (T42), respectively, which were alternated with two 13-h cycles at 39 8C. T39 mimicked normothermia; T40, 41 and 42 mimicked conditions of hyperthermia alternated with normothermia. PBMC proliferation declined under T42. Compared with T39, levels of mRNA for leptin was lower under T42, whereas mRNA for Ob-Rb was lower in lymphocytes cultured both under T41 and T42. DNA synthesis was positively correlated with leptinmRNA. This study supports the concept that severe heat stress impairs proliferation of bovine PBMC, confirms that bovine lymphocytes express Ob-Rb gene, and provides the first experimental evidence that bovine lymphocytes express gene for leptin, and that increased temperatures are associated with altered gene expression for leptin and Ob-Rb.

Heat shock modulates adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Heat shock modulates adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Studies have demonstrated that heat shock is associated with alteration in energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of heat shock on gene expression and secretion of adiponectin and leptin, and gene expression of Hspa2 and Ppar in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compared with 37 °C, adiponectin mRNA was higher at 39 °C, and lower at 41 °C. Leptin mRNA was higher when adipocytes were exposed to 41 °C compared with 37 and 39 °C. Secretion of adiponectin increased at 39 °C, and when cells were exposed to 41 °C it was not detectable. Leptin secretion increased significantly at 41 °C, compared with 37 and 39 °C. Hspa2 mRNA was increased at 39 °C, and the highest level was reached at 41 °C. Ppar mRNA exhibited a substantial increase in a temperature-dependent manner. The study provides the first evidence of a possible direct effect of heat shock on adiponectin and leptin gene expression and secretion, and demonstrates that the expression of the two adipokines is differentially regulated at the temperatures tested.

Gene expression and protein secretion of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) in transition dairy cows under hot or thermoneutral environments.

Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Gene expression and protein secretion of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) in transition dairy cows under hot or thermoneutral environments. Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Bernabucci, Umberto; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of hot season on gene expression and protein secretion of ApoB100 in transition dairy cows. Hot season strongly down-regulated ApoB100 gene and protein expression. This condition and the higher circulating NEFA were responsible for the higher lipid accumulation in liver of heat-stressed transition cows

Cellular. thermotolerance is associated with heat shock protein 70.1 genetic polymorphisms in Holstein lactating cows.

Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT

Title: Cellular. thermotolerance is associated with heat shock protein 70.1 genetic polymorphisms in Holstein lactating cows. Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Primi, Valentina; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are known to protect cells from several stressors. Nucleotide changes in the flanking regions [5′- and 3′-untranslated region (UTR)] of Hsp gene might affect inducibility, degree of expression, or stability of Hsp70 mRNA. The present study aimed to investigate the association between inducible Hsp70.1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and heat shock (HS) response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in dairy cows. Four hundred forty-six Italian Holstein cows were genotyped for four Hsp70.1 SNPs: g895 C/- and g1128 G/T in 5′-UTR, and g2154 G/A and g64 G/T in 3′-UTR. Genetic polymorphisms in 3′-UTR of bovine Hsp70.1 gene resulted monomorphic. Distribution of alleles of the nucleotide sequence polymorphism within the 5′-UTR of the bovine Hsp70.1 gene were 81.2% and 18.8% for C and -, respectively, and 77.8% and 22.2% for G and T, respectively. Among the 446 genotyped animals, a group of cows balanced for days in milk and parity was selected to be representative of the following genotypes: CC (n=8), C- (n=7), and – (n=7) and GG (n=8), GT (n=11), and TT (n=3) in 5′-UTR. PBMC were isolated from blood samples and heated at 43°C in thermal bath for 1 h and then incubated at 39°C in atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h (recovery times). Cell viability was determined by XTT assay. Gene and protein expression of Hsp70.1 was determined by real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and by ELISA assay, ì respectively. For the two SNPs detected, one allele was the most frequent (C, 66.8% and G, 56.8%). Genotypes – and TG showed higher (P<0.05) viability compared with CC and GG, respectively. Genotypes C- and TT had intermediate viability. Gene expression of Hsp70.1 showed higher (P<0.001) levels in – and TG genotype compared with their counterparts. Genotypes – and TG showed the higher level of inducible Hsp70.1 protein in respect to C-, TT and CC, GG. In conclusion, exposure to HS differently affected cell viability and gene and protein expression of Hsp70.1 in the selected genotypes. These results indicate that the presence of SNPs (C/- and G/T) in the 5′-UTR region of inducible Hsp70.1 ameliorates HS response and tolerance to heat of bovine PBMC. These mutation sites may be useful as molecular genetic markers to assist selection for heat tolerance.

Photoperiod Affects Gene Expression of Leptin and Leptin Receptors in Adipose Tissue from Lactating Dairy Cows

Sat, 31 Dec 2005 23:00:00 GMT

Heat Stress Elicits Different Responses in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Brown Swiss and Holstein Cows

Sat, 31 Dec 2005 23:00:00 GMT

European cattle breed cluster accordingly to their meat quality parameters

Thu, 14 Apr 2011 22:00:00 GMT

Title: European cattle breed cluster accordingly to their meat quality parameters Authors: Valentini, Alessio; Nardone, Alessandro; Crisà, Alessandra; Marchitelli, Cinzia; Failla, Sebastiana; Gigli, S.; Albertí, Pere; Sañudo, Carlos; Nutte, G.; Ertbjerg, Per; Hocquette, Jean Francois; Williams, J. L. Abstract: The concept of breed is rather questionable and it’s used more as a tool for “labelling” production systems than as a biological category. Here, production system is intended as a whole set of animal units, techniques, breeding schemes, marketing, etc. However, man has demonstrated to be very quick in capturing and disseminating good characteristics whence they appear in a breed by mutation or by selection. Therefore, it might be expected that breeds, nevertheless of recent origin, could bear distinguished productive characteristics. Due to the quan- titative nature of them, more characteristics should be measured in order to obtain a clear and statistically significant distinction. We have measured several meat characteristics in 15 European breeds (30 individuals for each breed), mostly with beef attitude, reared in similar conditions. This was accomplished to better reveal the genetic background of breeds. A canonical discriminant analysis showed a clear distinction among breeds. In particular lipid composition of meat was able to assign individuals to breeds with 57% and 63% of individuals correctly classified respectively for neutral and phospholipids. The classification is generally good for all breeds except for the Spanish ones,indicating probably some crossing in the past for these breeds. Neutral lipids can classify double muscled breeds with high precision (84% and 95% in Asturiana de los Valles and Piedmontese respectively). Tenderness related measures (collagen, µ-calpain, m-calpain, calpastatin, MFI) poorly assign indi- viduals to breeds (average 22%). The good classification of individuals to breeds for lipid composition suggests distinctive genetic features and encourages to look further to genetic determination of fat composition in the meat, as well as to exploit particular breeds to obtain products suitable for categories of consumers needing/searching for special components in their diet.

Relationships of Podolic cattle breeds assessed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping

Wed, 06 Apr 2011 22:00:00 GMT

Title: Relationships of Podolic cattle breeds assessed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping Authors: Pariset, Lorraine; Mariotti, Marco; Nardone, Alessandro; Soysal, M. Ihsan; Ozkan, Emel; Williams, J. L.; Dunner, Susana; Leveziel, Hubert; Maróti-Agóts, Ákos; Bodò, I.; Valentini, Alessio Abstract: Italian Maremmana, Turkish Grey and Hungarian Grey breeds belong to the same Podolic group of cattle, have a similar conformation and recently experienced a similar demographic reduction. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship among the analysed Podolic breeds and to verify whether their genetic state reﬂects their history. To do so, approximately 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped on individuals belonging to these breeds and compared to genotypes of individuals of two Italian beef breeds, Marchigiana and Piemontese, which underwent different selection and migration histories. Population genetic parameters such as allelic frequencies and heterozygosity values were assessed, genetic distances calculated and assignment test performed to evaluate the possibility of recent admixture between the populations. The data show that the physical similarity among the Podolic breeds examined, and particularly between Hungarian Grey and Maremmana cattle that experienced admixture in the recent past, is mainly morphological. The assignment of individuals from genotype data was achieved using Bayesian inference, conﬁrming that the set of chosen SNPs is able to distinguish among the breeds and that the breeds are genetically distinct. Individuals of Turkish Grey breed were clearly assigned to their breed of origin for all clustering alternatives, showing that this breed can be differentiated from the others on the basis of the allelic frequencies. Remarkably, in the Turkish Grey there were differences observed between the population of Enez district, where in situ conservation studies are practised, and that of Bandirma district of Balikesir, where ex situ conservation studies are practised out of the original raising area. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that molecular data could be used to reveal an unbiased view of past events and provide the basis for a rational exploitation of livestock, suggesting appropriate cross-breeding plans based on genetic distance or breeding strategies that include the population structure.