http://http://dspace.unitus.it:80 The DSpace digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. 2013-06-18T06:19:07Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/136 Title: Sustainability of small ruminant organic systems of production Authors: Nardone, Alessandro; Zervas, George; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: There is an increasing interest for sustainable forms of livestock production systems, which will provide a balanced relationship between environmental, socio-cultural and economic factors. The small ruminant sector is examined with particular focus on the possibilities of improving the sustainability of small ruminant systems and on the possible role of organic production to meet the demand of sustainability. Current regulations highlighting different approaches and interpretation of organic farming among countries are reviewed. Regulations concerning organic livestock production between the US and the EU are compared. For the future development of organic farming, a strong harmonisation of rules and legislation at international and national level is needed. The process of conversion from conventional to organic poses several problems mainly due to inadequate technical knowledge and value-added activities at farm or regional level with poorly organized marketing. Breeding strategies, feed management and disease control for small ruminant in organic farming are discussed. Animal selection should be designed to reinforce, in a sustainable manner, the relationships between animals and the environment. Feed management will require a better integration between agriculture and livestock, and a transition from monoculture to mosaic, with spatial and temporal integration of agricultural components. Possible alternatives to chemoprophylaxis are available to control helminth diseases, such as the use of homeopathic treatment, and the improvement of genetic resistance to parasite infections. Harmonisation of rules and development of technical assistance at local level may contribute to increase sustainability of small ruminant organic farming not only in developed but also in developing countries. Certification and valorisation of organic products are key points to guarantee and promote this sector. 2003-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/137 Title: Immunological parameters in periparturient sheep Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto; Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: Two experiments were carried out to assess immunological parameters in periparturient dairy sheep. The Experiment 1 pointed out that cell-mediated immune response before lambing is weaker (P < 0.001) in first parity compared to pluriparous ewes. The same study also revealed that preweaning mortality and other related parameters, and serum immunoglobulins in post-colostral lambs did not differ between lambs born to primiparous or pluriparous ewes. Experiment 2 demonstrated that cell mediated immune response in periparturient Sardianian ewes is suppressed (P < 0.01)during the last week before and fi rst week after lambing 2003-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/138 Title: Influence of body condition score on relationships between metabolic status and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Twenty-four dairy cows were monitored during the transition period. We observed changes of oxidative status and relationships between oxidative and metabolic status. Body condition score (BCS) of the 24 animals at the beginning of the trial (30.4 ± 2 d before expected calving) was between 2.0 and 3.6. The BCS was recorded and blood samples were collected weekly during the last 30 d of pregnancy and the first 30 DIM. Plasma samples were analyzed to determine indices of oxidative status: reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM); thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS); thiol groups (SH); glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and indices of energy metabolism: glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, and nonesterified fatty acids. In erythrocytes we determined indices of oxidative status: GSH-Px, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and intracellular SH. Before calving, cows showed an increase of plasma SH, SOD, and SHPx, a decrease of erythrocyte GSH-Px and plasma ROM, and no changes in erythrocyte SH. After calving, cows showed a decrease of plasma and erythrocyte SH and SOD, and an increase of ROM, TBARS, and plasma GSH-Px. Cows with higher BCS at the beginning of the trial and greater loss of BCS after calving, had higher plasma ROM, TBARS, and SH, and lower SOD and erythrocyte SH in the postpartum period. Oxidative status of dairy cows was related to energy status. Cows with higher BHBA and NEFA showed higher ROM and TBARS and lower levels of antioxidants. Results of the present study demonstrated that cows can experience oxidative stress during the peripartum period, and cows with higher BCS and greaterBCS losses are more sensitive to oxidative stress. 2004-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/139 Title: Climatic effects on productive traits in livestock Authors: Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: Each species, breed or animal category has its own thermal zone of comfort outside of which it experiences heat stress in the attempt to maintain homeothermy, so that less energy is available for production processes. Cold represents less of a problem than heat. Heat stress (HS) can negatively affect the number of spermatozoa and motile cells per ejaculate, impair oocyte growth, conception rates, embryo development, increase embryo mortality or reduce growth of the foetus during pregnancy. Heat stress also reduces dry matter intake, average daily weight gain and carcass weight and composition. In dairy cows, HS lowers the energy and protective value of colostrum, results in a lower milk yield and percentage of milk fat, protein, and lactose and causes changes in the proportions of protein fractions, fatty acid composition and rheological behaviour of milk. Sheep and goat milk production is similarly affected. In poultry, egg production, egg weight, shell weight and shell thickness are considerably worsened under high temperature conditions; egg breakage also increases. Areas of investigation are suggested to alleviate the negative effects of climatic constraints in livestock production systems. 2005-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/140 Title: Lymphocyte functions in dairy cows under hot environment Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Bernabucci, Umberto; Scalia, Daniela; Ronchi, Bruno; Kuzminsky, Giorgina; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: This study was carried out to ascertain the effects of intense high environmental temperatures (HET) on lymphocyte functions in periparturient dairy cows. The study was undertaken from the beginning of March through the end of July 2003 in a commercial dairy unit located approximately 40 km north of Rome. Thirty-four Holstein cows were utilised in the study. Twenty-two of these cows gave birth in spring (SP cows), from 28 March to 30 April. The remaining 12 cows gave birth in summer (SU cows), between 15 June and 2 July. The two groups of cows were balanced for parity and were fed the same rations. Blood samples were taken 4, 3, 2 and 1 week before calving, and 1, 2 and 4 weeks after calving, in order to evaluate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) function in vitro, and to determine plasma cortisol concentrations. After isolation, the PBMC were stimulated with mitogens and their response in terms of DNA synthesis and IgM secretion was measured. During spring, either the day (9– 20 h) or the night (21–8 h) temperature humidity index (THI) was below the upper critical THI (72) established for dairy cows. During summer, the mean daily THI values were 79.5±2.9 during the day and 70.1±4.7 during the night. Furthermore, during summer, three heat waves (a period of at least 3 consecutive days during which there were less than 10 recovery hours) occurred. Recovery hours were intended hours with a THI below 72. The first heat wave lasted 5 days, the second 6 days, and the third 15 days. Compared to the SP cows, over the entire periparturient period the extent of DNA synthesis and IgM secretion levels were lower (P ranging from <0.01 to 0.0001) and higher (P<0.01) respectively, in the SU cows. Before calving, the SU cows also presented higher (P<0.01)concentrations of plasma cortisol compared to the SP cows. This study indicates that the effects of HET on the immune response depend on the specific immune function under consideration, and that neuroendocrinal changes due to HET may play a role in the perturbation of immune functions 2004-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/142 Title: Lymphocyte functions in overconditioned cows around parturition Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Scalia, Daniela; Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Pirazzi, Daniela; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationships between body condition and lymphocyte functions in periparturient dairy cows. Thirty days before expected calving, 21 Holstein cows were categorized as thin (n = 6), medium (n = 8), or overconditioned (n = 7) based on body condition score (BCS). Blood samples were collected on 21, 14, 7, and 3 d before calving and on d 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after parturition. An aliquot of blood was used to determine plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. At 14 and 7 d before, and 14 and 35 d after calving, a second aliquot of blood was used to assess peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) functions: DNAsynthesis, immunoglobulin (Ig) M, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion after mitogen stimulation. During the experiment, all 21 cows showed a decline in BCS. Overconditioned cows lost significantly more BCS than thin cows. After calving, overconditioned cows had higher plasma NEFA compared with thin and medium cows. Conversely, plasma glucose never differed between the 3 categories of cows. Regardless of BCS, DNA synthesis and IgM secretions were significantly lower in PBMC isolated on 7 d before calving compared with those recorded 14 and 35 d after parturition. Conversely, PBMCfrom the 21 cows did not show any change of IFN-γ secretion during the experimental period. Taking into consideration the BCS categories, PBMC isolated from overconditioned cows presented lower IgM secretion compared with thin cows on d 14 and 35 after calving. Furthermore, PBMC isolated from overconditioned cows secreted less IFN-γ compared with thin and medium cows on d 7 before calving. The DNA synthesis of PBMC stimulated with the 3 mitogens did not differ between the 3 categories of cows. In conclusion, immunodepression occurring in cows around calving would be particularly evident in overconditioned cows. 2004-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/143 Title: Effects of nonesterified fatty acids on lymphocyte functions in dairy heifers Authors: Lacetera, Nicola; Scalia, Daniela; Franci, Ombretta; Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: This in vitro study was performed to assess the effects of various concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) on lymphocyte function of heifers. Nine Holstein heifers were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with various concentrations of NEFA (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mmol/L). The mixture of NEFA was represented by C16:0 (30%), C16:1 (5%), C18:0 (15%), C18:1 (45%), and C18:2 (5%). The DNA synthesis was diminished at concentrations of NEFA of 2, 1, and 0.5 mmol/L. The IgM secretion was inhibited at concentrations of NEFA of 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mmol/L. Secretion of IFN-γ was depressed at concentrations of NEFA of 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 mmol/L. Increases of plasma NEFA might contribute to explain the higher incidence of infections observed in cows suffering from energy deficit. 2003-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/145 Title: Contribution of organic farming to increase sustainability of Mediterranean small ruminants livestock systems Authors: Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The aim of the paper is to evaluate the feasibility and constraints of organic farming to increase the sustainability of Mediterranean small ruminant livestock systems. The paper analyzes the factors affecting sustainability of small ruminant livestock systems in the Mediterranean basin, such as seasonal forage availability or suboptimal pasture utilisation due to overgrazing but also the factor of undergrazing. The paper considers how the application of practices of organic farming may contribute to promoting sustainable land use and improving environment conservation, animal welfare, and product quality. Also the prospects of new information-based technologies, like geographic information systems and global positioning systems, to improve sustainability are presented. A model of pasture-based dairy sheep production system is proposed, with special emphasis on the organisation of a farm forage system to meet animal nutritional requirement. Some options for an integrated strategy for the control of parasitic disease in small ruminant production systems are discussed. These are based on a combination of general prevention methods (i.e. risk control and identification), grazing management (i.e. multifunctional grassland management), nonchemical treatments (i.e. homeopathic herbal preparations) and novel approaches (i.e. biological control and bioactive forages). Comparative effects of phytotherapy and conventional treatment on dairy sheep helminthic disease and on metabolic status and animal welfare are presented. The prospects of organic farming are of particular interest for the less favoured Mediterranean areas, where it may contribute to the safeguard of agricultural functions, like care and preservation of landscape, and safeguarding of rural villages with positive effects on the quality of life in rural communities. Some activities would be particularly appropriate in natural parks, where small ruminants and other domestic animals interact with wildlife and where biodiversity must be preserved. For positive results a new collaborative decision-making process is required between rural and urban communities, businesses and government. In addition, strong supports from scientific research and the extension services are needed to correct and fully utilize new information technologies to exploit the magnitude and potential of organic farming for enhancement of sustainable small ruminant production systems in the Mediterranean region. 2002-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/147 Title: Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during hot season Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: The study was carried out to assess whether hot seasons affect the oxidative status of transition dairy cows. Twenty Holstein cows were utilized. Eleven of those cows gave birth in spring; the remaining nine cows gave birth in summer. Oxidative status was evaluated from 21 d before to 35 d after calving, determining oxidative markers in plasma [glutathione peroxidase activity, thiol groups, reactive oxygen metabolites, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and in erythrocytes [glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px-E), intracellular thiols (SH), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and TBARS]. The season did not modify plasma oxidative markers. In contrast, cows exposed to moderate heat stress (39.5 ± 0.2°C rectal temperatures) due to summer temperature-humidity index (73.2 ± 2.5 mean daily THI), showed higher erythrocyte SOD, GSH-Px- E, SH, and TBARS compared with spring cows, indicating a condition of oxidative stress in summer transition dairy cows. Some changes (the increase of SOD, for example), represent compensatory changes the cow is undergoing in response to increased oxidative stress. Under the conditions compared, the effect of heat stress on oxidative status in transition dairy cows by use of plasma markers does not give enough information to reach definitive conclusions. Erythrocytes are an appropriate and sensitive model to study the oxidative status of transition dairy cows exposed to hot environments. 2001-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/141 Title: Abundance of mRNA of apolipoprotein B100, apolipoprotein E, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in liver from periparturient dairy cows Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Ronchi, Bruno; Basiricò, Loredana; Pirazzi, Daniela; Rueca, Fabrizio; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Limited secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in dairy cows is strongly related to fatty liver and other metabolic disorders in the early postpartum. Currently, there is limited information on which roles apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)play in that VLDL limitation. To our knowledge, no studies have simultaneously measured ApoB100, ApoE, and MTP mRNA in periparturient dairy cows. Therefore, a trial was conducted to assess liver gene expression of these proteins in transition dairy cows and to evaluate the relationships between their expression and metabolic status. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were monitored during the transition period. To evaluate metabolic and nutritional status, body condition score was registered, and plasma indexes of energy metabolism and VLDL were determined from 35 d before to 35 d after calving. Liver biopsies were performed on d −35, 3, and 35 relative to day of calving, and gene expression of ApoB100, ApoE, andMTPwere determined on liver tissue. Body condition, plasma glucose and VLDL decreased, and plasma NEFA and BHBA increased after calving. Compared with values of d −35, on d 3 after calving the ApoB100 mRNA synthesis was lower, whereas MTP and ApoE mRNA abundance were higher. Negative correlation (r = −0.57) between plasma NEFA concentration and ApoB100 mRNA abundance, and positive correlation between ApoB100 mRNA abundance and plasma cholesterol (r = 0.65) and plasma albumins (r = 0.52) were detected at 3 d postpartum. Data on changes of gene expression of the 3 main proteins involved in the regulation of synthesis and secretion of VLDL in the liver suggest that decreased mRNA for ApoB100 may be consistent with decreased synthesis and/or secretion ofVLDL from liver during the periparturient period. 2003-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/149 Title: Photoperiod Affects Gene Expression of Leptin and Leptin Receptors in Adipose Tissue from Lactating Dairy Cows Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Lacetera, Nicola; Morera, Patrizia; Ronchi, Bruno; Accorsi, Pier Attilio; Seren, Eraldo; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Leptin is mainly secreted by adipocytes and is implicated in the regulation of metabolic status, feed intake, and body condition. Day length (DL) can affect leptin gene expression and secretion. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of DL on gene expression of leptin and leptin receptors in adipose tissue (AT). Four lactating and pregnant Holstein cows were housed in a climate-controlled chamber for 51 d. The first 30 d were used to adapt animals to the new housing conditions. During that period the DL adopted was 12 h light:12 h dark (12:12). The experimental period included 3 different and consecutive phases: 7 d of neutral DL (12:12); 7 d of long DL (18 h light:6 h dark); and 7 d of short DL (6 h light:18 h dark). Subcutaneous AT biopsies were performed at the end of each phase. Prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol, leptin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, β-OH-butyrate, and cholesterol were determined in plasma samples. Abundance of leptin mRNA, and Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb leptin receptormRNA were determined in AT samples by ribonuclease protection assay. Day length did not affect feed intake or body condition score. Exposure to short DL significantly reduced milk yield (13.1 ± 2.2 vs. 15.8 ± 1.7 and 16.0 ± 2.0 kg/d for short vs. neutral and long DL, respectively). Plasma leptin, growth hormone, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids, β-OH-butyrate, and glucose were not affected by DL; cholesterol was lowest under short DL (3.93 ± 0.38 vs. 4.36 ± 0.39 and 4.07 ± 0.38 mmol/L for short vs. neutral and long DL, respectively). Prolactin increased under long DL (134.82 ± 16.94 vs. 81.98 ± 20.25 and 96.16 ± 0.38 ng/mL for long vs. neutral and short DL, respectively). Gene expression of leptin and its receptors was affected by DL. Leptin mRNA increased under long DL (11.91 ± 0.84 vs. 7.82 ± 0.84 and 7.56 ± 0.84 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for long vs. neutral and short DL, respectively). Leptin receptors Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb mRNA were higher under long DL, whereas Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb mRNA were lower under short DL (Ob-Ra: 1.91 ± 0.41, 2.49 ± 0.41, and 0.65 ± 0.41 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for neutral, long, and short DL, respectively; Ob-Rb: 5.29 ± 0.79, 5.98 ± 0.68, and 2.02 ± 0.70 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for neutral, long, and short DL, respectively). Results of the present study appear to exclude an effect of feed intake and metabolic status on leptin gene expression. A prolactinmediated effect of photoperiod on AT leptin modulation may be proposed in lactating dairy cows. 2005-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1332 Title: Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 affect the oxidative status of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Colavecchia, Luciana; Danieli, Pier Paolo; Basiricò, Loredana; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: This in vitro study was focused on the effect of two widely occurring mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), on the oxidative status of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) incubated for 2 and 7 days at different levels of AFB1 (0, 5 and 20 lg/ml) and FB1 (0, 35 and 70 lg/ml). Results of the present study demonstrate that, even though by different mechanisms, AFB1 and FB1 may induce cytotoxicity through an impairment of the oxidative status of PBMC. Lo studio in vitro ha lo scopo di verificare l’effetto della esposizione ad aflatossina B1 (AFB1) e fumonisina B1 (FB1) di sullo stato ossidativo di linfociti bovini incubati per 2 o 7 giorni con differenti concentrazioni di tossine (AFB1: 0, 5 and 20 mcg/ml and FB1: 0, 35 and 70 mcg/ml). I risultati del presente studio hanno dimostrato, anche se attraverso meccanismi differenti, che entrambe le tossine inducono citotossicità attraverso il peggioramento dello stato ossidativo. 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1333 Title: Dynamics of the temperature-humidity index in the Mediterranean basin Authors: Segnalini, Maria; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto; Vitali, Andrea; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola Abstract: The study was aimed at describing the temperature humidity index (THI) dynamics over the Mediterranean basin for the period 1951–2007. Results indicated that several areas of the basin present summer THI values which were unfavorable to cow welfare and productivity, and that risk of heat stress for cows is generally greater in the countries of the south coast of the basin. Furthermore, THI data from the summer 2003 revealed that severe positive anomalies may impact areas normally characterized by a favorable climate for animal production. In conclusion, THI dynamics should be taken into careful consideration by farmers and policy makers operating in Mediterranean countries when planning investments in the sector of animal production. The investments should at least partially be directed towards implementation of adaptation measures, which may help to alleviate the impact of hot on farm animals welfare, performance and health. Lo studio ha lo scopo di descrivere le dinamiche dell’indice di temperature e umidità (THI) nel bacino del Mediterraneo per il periodo dal 1951 al 2077. I risultati ottenuti indicano che diverse aree del bacino del Mediterraneo presentano valori di THI sfavorevoli per il benessere e la produttività della vacca da latte, e che il rischio è superiore per i paese della costa sud del Mediterraneo. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato come periodi particolari quali ad esempio l’estate del 2003 hanno prodotto anomalie climatiche che possono impattare negativamente anche in aree in cui normalmente non si rilevano problemi di stress. In conclusione, le dinamiche del THI dovrebbero essere prese in considerazione dagli allevatori dell’area del Mediterraneo per la pianificazione della tipologia di investimenti nel campo delle produzioni animali. Gli investimenti dovrebbero, almeno in parte, prevedere misure di adattamento per alleviare l’impatto dello stress da caldo sul benessere, sulla salute e sulle performances degli animali allevati. 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1339 Title: Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems Authors: Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola; Ranieri, Maria Stella; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: The effects of climate change are controversial. This paper reviews the effects of climate change on livestock following the theory of global warming. Hot environment impairs production (growth, meat and milk yield and quality, egg yield, weight, and quality) and reproductive performance, metabolic and health status, and immune response. To guide the evolution of livestock production systems under the increase of temperature and extreme events, better information is needed regarding biophysical and social vulnerability, and this must be integrated with agriculture and livestock components. Gli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici sono controversi. Questo lavoro raccoglie informazioni sugli effetti delle variazioni climatiche sui sistemi di produzione zootecnica seguendo la teoria del riscaldamento globale. Lo stress da caldo ha effetti negativi sulla produzione (accrescimento, carne, latte e uova), sulla efficienze riproduttiva, sullo stato metabolico, sulla salute e sulla risposta immunitaria. Per fornire indicazioni sulla evoluzione delle produzioni zootecniche in condizioni di stress da caldo bisogna migliorare le informazioni riguardo alla vulnerabilità sociale e biofisica, e queste devono essere integrate da conoscenze nell’ambito zootecnico e sgricolo. 2009-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1801 Title: Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 affect the oxidative status of bovine peripheralblood mononuclear cells Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Colavecchia, Luciana; Danieli, Pier Paolo; Basiricò, Loredana; Lacetera, Nicola; Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites having a high cytotoxic potential. They are produced by molds and released in food and feed. To date, the mechanisms underlying the mycotoxin-induced cytotoxicity have not been fully clarified. The induction of oxidative stress, as a possible mechanism, has been postulated. This in vitro study was focused on the effect of two widely occurring mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), on the oxidative status of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) incubated for 2 and 7 days at different levels of AFB1 (0, 5 and 20 lg/ml) and FB1 (0, 35 and 70 lg/ml). Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), intracellular thiols (SH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and gene expression of cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX-1) were measured on PBMC after incubation. The highest concentration of AFB1 and all concentrations of FB1 caused an increase (p < 0.05) of intracellular ROM without any time dependent effect. Intracellular SH decreased with 20 lgAFB1/ml (p < 0.05) and the effect was particularly marked after 7 days of exposure. Intracellular SH were not affected by FB1 even though a lower (p < 0.05) SH level after 2 days exposure than after 7 days was observed. MDA increased (p < 0.05) in AFB1 or FB1 treated PBMC. The exposure to FB1 for 7 days increased MDA (p < 0.05) only in cells treated with 70 lg/ml. Exposure of PBMC to AFB1 reduced SOD mRNA while FB1 decreased both SOD and GSHPX-1 mRNA abundance. These results demonstrate that, even though by different mechanisms, AFB1 and FB1 may induce cytotoxicity through an impairment of the oxidative status of PBMC. 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1827 Title: Heat shock modulates adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Studies have demonstrated that heat shock is associated with alteration in energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of heat shock on gene expression and secretion of adiponectin and leptin, and gene expression of Hspa2 and Pparg in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compared with 37 8C, adiponectin mRNA was higher at 39 8C, and lower at 41 8C. Leptin mRNA was higher when adipocytes were exposed to 41 8C compared with 37 and 39 8C. Secretion of adiponectin increased at 39 8C, and when cells were exposed to 41 8C it was not detectable. Leptin secretion increased significantly at 41 8C, compared with 37 and 39 8C. Hspa2 mRNA was increased at 39 8C, and the highest level was reached at 41 8C. Pparg mRNA exhibited a substantial increase in a temperature-dependent manner. The study provides the first evidence of a possible direct effect of heat shock on adiponectin and leptin gene expression and secretion, and demonstrates that the expression of the two adipokines is differentially regulated at the temperatures tested. 2008-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1536 Title: Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Lacetera, Nicola; Baumgard, Lance H.; Rhoads, Robert P.; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Environmentally induced periods of heat stress decrease productivity with devastating economic consequences to global animal agriculture. Acclimatization is a process by which animals adapt to environmental conditions and engage behavioral, hormonal and metabolic changes that are characteristics of either acclimatory homeostasis or homeorhetic mechanisms used by the animals to survive in a new ‘physiological state’. These physiological modifications alter nutrient partitioning and may prevent heat-stressed lactating cows from recruiting glucose-sparing mechanisms. How these metabolic changes are initiated and regulated is not known. A better understanding of the adaptations enlisted by ruminants during heat stress is necessary to enhance the likelihood of developing strategies to simultaneously improve heat tolerance and increase productivity. Periodo prolungati di stress da caldo severo inducono effetti negative sulla produzione con conseguenze devastanti sulla economia del comparto agro-zootecnico. L’acclimatamento è un processo attraverso cui gli animali si adattano alla variazione delle condizioni ambientali modificando il loro comportamento e variano l’equilibrio ormonale e metabolico con meccanismi di tipo sia omeostatico sia omeoretico con lo scopo di sopravvivere alle nuove condizioni raggiungendo un nuovo stato fisiologico. Queste modificazioni fisiologiche alterano la ripartizione dei nutrienti e possono essere responsabili di una maggiore e diverso utilizzo del glucosio. Come queste variazioni e adattamenti metabolici hanno inizio non è ancora ben noto. Una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi di adattamento dei ruminanti alle condizioni di stress da caldo, permetterà di sviluppare strategie per contemporaneamente migliorare la termo tolleranza e la produttività di soggetti esposti a condizioni stressanti. 2009-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1781 Title: Down-regulation of hepatic ApoB100 expression during hot season in transition dairy cows Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: Heat stress is recognized as one of the main factors adversely affecting yield, reproduction and health of dairy ruminants. The peripartum period is the most critical phase for dairy cows. The interaction between heat stress and physiological stress imposed by the peripartum, might worsen the metabolic status of transition dairy cows. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of hot season on metabolic status and on hepatic apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) expression during the peripartum period in Holstein dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were utilized in the study. Twelve cows gave birth in spring (SP: 28 March to 30 April). The remaining 12 cows gave birth in summer (SU: 15 June to 2 July). The two groups were balanced for parity and body condition score (BCS) and monitored from −30 to 35 d relative to calving. Values of air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded at 1 h intervals and were utilized to calculate the temperature–humidity index (THI). Milk production and BCS were recorded weekly. Blood samples were taken at 0800 h from the jugular vein −30, −18, and −4 d prepartum and 3, 17, and 35 d postpartum. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, urea, cholesterol, β-OH butyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ApoB100. Liver biopsies were performed on d −30, 3, and 35 relative to day of calving, and tissue samples were used for histopathological examination, and for ApoB100 mRNA and protein determination. Milk yield in SU cows was lower than in their SP counterparts. During summer, transition cows showed lower glucose and cholesterol, higher NEFA and BHBA, had lower liver ApoB100 gene and protein expression and higher lipid accumulation in liver compared with transition cows during spring. The current study provides the first evidence about the negative effects of hot season on ApoB100 gene and protein expression in transition dairy cows. The down-regulation of ApoB100 expression together with higher circulating NEFA and altered lipid metabolism are likely to be responsible for the higher risk of liver lipidosis in transition SU cows. These metabolic conditions make transition cows more susceptible to metabolic diseases during hot season. 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1867 Title: Heat shock induced changes of adipokines gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: To study the effects of heat shock on adipokines gene expression 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used. Heat shock differently affected gene expression of leptin, adiponectin and acylation stimulating protein (ASP): exposure of cells to temperature higher than 39°C caused upregulation of leptin and downregulation of adiponectin and ASP genes. The present study provides the first evidence about the effects of heat shock on adipokines gene expression. Changes in gene expression of the three adipokines may help to explain the alteration of lipid metabolism and liver functionality occurring in animals exposed to hot conditions. 2006-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/2209 Title: Alternative animal protein sources for aquaculture: a preliminary study on nutritional traits of Mediterranean brocade (Spodoptera littoralis, Boisduval) larvae Authors: Danieli, Pier Paolo; Ronchi, Bruno; Speranza, Stefano Abstract: In formulating diets for farmed aquatic species, the main ingredi- ent used is fish meal (FM). Due to the growth that aquaculture is experiencing throughout the world, the increasing demand of feeds is resulting in a FM price increase that represents an eco- nomic limit for fish farming. The need to seek protein sources alternative to FM is a matter of great interest. Among others, the use of insect larvae as feed for fish represents an interesting alter- native. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional traits of mediterranean brocade larvae (Spodoptera littoralis Bois.) in view of their possible use as feedstuffs for rainbow trout. A sample of mediterranean brocade larvae (MBL) (VI instar) and one of pupae (MBP) were assayed for fat (EE), ash (ASH) and crude pro- tein (CP) contents by conventional methods. Amino-acidic profile was obtained by HPLC on sample hydrolysates. Relative digestibil- ity of protein (RDP) was estimated by the Lazo (1988) method. Data, expressed on DM basis, were compared with those of a com- mercial feed (CF). The fat content of MBL was lower than that recorded for CF (9.4% vs 13.6%) while MBP showed a very high value (30.3% DM). Ashes in MBL (7.7%) and MBP (6.7%) were lower than in the CF (10.9%). The CP content of MBL (44.3%) was slightly higher than the CF (40.0%) but lower than in MBP (59.1%). The RDP of MBL and MBP were about a half of the value observed in CF (27.2%). Both MBL and MBP showed a lower per- centage of essential amino acids (AA) (35.8%, 36.8%) compared to CF (39.4%) even if the AA profiles were in line with the require- ments found in literature for rainbow trout. In conclusion, these preliminary results suggest that preimaginal stages of S. littoralis may be of interest in fish feeding, though more exhaustive studies have to be performed to fully assess their use as alternative for fish meal. 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1871 Title: Influence of different periods of exposure to hot environment on rumen function and diet digestibility in sheep Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Lacetera, Nicola; Danieli, Pier Paolo; Bani, Paolo; Nardone, Alessandro; Ronchi, Bruno Abstract: Effects of different periods of exposure to hot environments on rumen function, diet digestibility and digesta passage rate were studied in four adult notpregnant Sardinian ewes housed in a climatic chamber. The ewes were kept in individual metabolic cages. The trial lasted 83 days; 17 days were spent under thermal comfort conditions (TC) [temperature-humidity index (THI)=65.0±2.0], followed by 49 days under elevated THI (ETHI: THI=82.0±2.5) and 17 days under thermal comfort (TC; THI=65.0±1.0). Five digestibility and passage rate trials were carried out during the 83 days. Trials 1 and 5 were carried out under TC; trials 2, 3 and 4 were carried out under ETHI. Values of rectal temperatures (39.7±0.3°C) and respiratory rate (118.4±31.8 breaths/min) indicated that sheep under ETHI were heat-stressed. Heat stress caused an increase (P<0.01) in water intake, and reductions (P<0.05) in dry matter intake, rumen pH, rumen cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria count, rumen osmolarity, organic matter, dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and non-structural carbohydrates digestibility coefficients, and a reduction of digesta passage rates. Under ETHI, diet digestibility and passage rate of digesta were reduced in a time-dependent fashion. Variation of diet digestibility underETHI was not related to passage rate of digesta and feed intake. Reduction of cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria and the adaptive response to hot environment seem to be related to alteration of digestibility observed in ewes chronically exposed to hot environment. 2008-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1656 Title: Heat shock modulates adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Studies have demonstrated that heat shock is associated with alteration in energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of heat shock on gene expression and secretion of adiponectin and leptin, and gene expression of Hspa2 and Pparg in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compared with 37 8C, adiponectin mRNA was higher at 39 8C, and lower at 41 8C. Leptin mRNA was higher when adipocytes were exposed to 41 8C compared with 37 and 39 8C. Secretion of adiponectin increased at 39 8C, and when cells were exposed to 41 8C it was not detectable. Leptin secretion increased significantly at 41 8C, compared with 37 and 39 8C. Hspa2 mRNA was increased at 39 8C, and the highest level was reached at 41 8C. Pparg mRNA exhibited a substantial increase in a temperature-dependent manner. The study provides the first evidence of a possible direct effect of heat shock on adiponectin and leptin gene expression and secretion, and demonstrates that the expression of the two adipokines is differentially regulated at the temperatures tested. 2008-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1859 Title: Down-regulation of hepatic ApoB100 expression during hot season in transition dairy cows. Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto Abstract: Heat stress is recognized as one of the main factors adversely affecting yield, reproduction and health of dairy ruminants. The peripartum period is the most critical phase for dairy cows. The interaction between heat stress and physiological stress imposed by the peripartum, might worsen the metabolic status of transition dairy cows. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of hot season on metabolic status and on hepatic apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) expression during the peripartum period in Holstein dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were utilized in the study. Twelve cows gave birth in spring (SP: 28 March to 30 April). The remaining 12 cows gave birth in summer (SU: 15 June to 2 July). The two groups were balanced for parity and body condition score (BCS) and monitored from −30 to 35 d relative to calving. Values of air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded at 1 h intervals and were utilized to calculate the temperature–humidity index (THI). Milk production and BCS were recorded weekly. Blood samples were taken at 0800 h from the jugular vein −30, −18, and −4 d prepartum and 3, 17, and 35 d postpartum. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, urea, cholesterol, β-OH butyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ApoB100. Liver biopsies were performed on d −30, 3, and 35 relative to day of calving, and tissue samples were used for histopathological examination, and for ApoB100 mRNA and protein determination. Milk yield in SU cows was lower than in their SP counterparts. During summer, transition cows showed lower glucose and cholesterol, higher NEFA and BHBA, had lower liver ApoB100 gene and protein expression and higher lipid accumulation in liver compared with transition cows during spring. The current study provides the first evidence about the negative effects of hot season on ApoB100 gene and protein expression in transition dairy cows. The down-regulation of ApoB100 expression together with higher circulating NEFA and altered lipid metabolism are likely to be responsible for the higher risk of liver lipidosis in transition SU cows. These metabolic conditions make transition cows more susceptible to metabolic diseases during hot season. 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1711 Title: Down-regulation of hepatic ApoB100 expression during hot season in transition dairy cows Authors: Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1841 Title: Dynamics of the temperature-humidity index in the Mediterranean basin Authors: Segnalini, Maria; Nardone, Alessandro; Bernabucci, Umberto; Vitali, Andrea; Ronchi, Bruno; Lacetera, Nicola Abstract: The study was aimed at describing the temperature humidity index (THI) dynamics over the Mediterranean basin for the period 1951–2007. The THI combines temperature and humidity into a single value, and may help to predict the effects of environmental warmth in farm animals. In particular, on the basis of THI values, numerous studies have been performed to establish thresholds for heat stress in dairy cows. The THI was calculated by using monthly mean values of temperature and humidity obtained from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis project. The analysis demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity of THI patterns over the Mediterranean basin, a strong north–south gradient, and an overall warming during the study period, which was particularly marked during summer seasons. Results indicated that several areas of the basin present summer THI values which were unfavorable to cow welfare and productivity, and that risk of heat stress for cows is generally greater in the countries of the south coast of the basin. Furthermore, THI data from the summer 2003 revealed that severe positive anomalies may impact areas normally characterized by a favorable climate for animal production. In conclusion, THI dynamics should be taken into careful consideration by farmers and policy makers operating in Mediterranean countries when planning investments in the sector of animal production. The investments should at least partially be directed towards implementation of adaptation measures, which may help to alleviate the impact of hot on farm animals welfare, performance and health. 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1834 Title: Heat shock induced changes of adipokines gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: To study the effects of heat shock on adipokines gene expression 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used. Heat shock differently affected gene expression of leptin, adiponectin and acylation stimulating protein (ASP):exposure of cells to temperature higher than 39°C caused upregulation of leptin and downregulation of adiponectin and ASP genes. The present study provides the first evidence about the effects of heat shock on adipokines gene expression. Changes in gene expression of the three adipokines may help to explain the alteration of lipid metabolism and liver functionality occurring in animals exposed to hot conditions. 2008-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1850 Title: The potential role of spineless safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. var. inermis) as fodder crop in central Italy Authors: Danieli, Pier Paolo; Primi, Riccardo; Ronchi, Bruno; Ruggeri, Roberto; Rossini, Francesco; Del Puglia, Salvatore; Cereti, Carlo Fausto Abstract: The present study aimed at assessing how nitrogen (N) fertilization affects nutritional characteristics of spineless safflower grown under Mediterranean conditions and evaluating a 2-days wilting treatment on moisture reduction and pH before ensiling. Spineless safflower, sown in November 2008, was grown in 3 m x 18 m plot (45 plants m–2). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) one cultivar x four N-fertilization levels (N0=0 kg/ha, land allocation, N1=35 kg/ha, N2=70 kg/ha, N3=105 kg ha–1) (3 replicates each level) was adopted. At mowing (May 2009, before blooming) the crop biomass production was recorded. Wilted plant material for each plot was collected and pH was measured. Dried and ground samples (1 mm mesh) were analyzed for crude protein (CP), lipids (EE), crude fibre (CFom), neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin (ADL) and ash (ASH) content. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and differences among means were declared significant at P<0.05. Biomass production showed a N dose-dependent relationship [from N0=1.80±0.29 to N3=2.71±0.20 t ha–1 dry matter (DM), P<0.01]. N-fertilization significantly affected the CP content, with the highest values (17.52±0.26% DM) observed for the N3 fertilization level. The other nutritional characteristics (EE: 1.36±0.23% DM; CFom: 41.70±3.65% DM; aNDFom: 44.6±2.71% DM; ASH: 12.74±0.74% DM) were not or only slightly affected (ADF: 34.15±2.14%; ADL: 9.53±2.35) (P<0.05) by the N-fertilization. After the 2-day wilting treatment, the highest pH (5.99±0.08) was found for N2 treatment, while the lowest one (5.85±0.06) was recorded for the N0 level (P<0.01). The wilting treatment gave a sufficient moisture reduction, allowing satisfactory preservation of safflower by ensiling. Spineless safflower shows an interesting potential to be grown for ruminants feeding in Mediterranean area. N-fertilization plays an important role as far as productivity of safflower and its CP content are concerned. Further studies are in progress to fully characterize safflower as fresh and preserved forage resource for crop-livestock production systems in central Italy. 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1857 Title: Heat shock modulates adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Morera, Patrizia; Lacetera, Nicola; Ronchi, Bruno; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Studies have demonstrated that heat shock is associated with alteration in energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of heat shock on gene expression and secretion of adiponectin and leptin, and gene expression of Hspa2 and Ppar in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compared with 37 °C, adiponectin mRNA was higher at 39 °C, and lower at 41 °C. Leptin mRNA was higher when adipocytes were exposed to 41 °C compared with 37 and 39 °C. Secretion of adiponectin increased at 39 °C, and when cells were exposed to 41 °C it was not detectable. Leptin secretion increased significantly at 41 °C, compared with 37 and 39 °C. Hspa2 mRNA was increased at 39 °C, and the highest level was reached at 41 °C. Ppar mRNA exhibited a substantial increase in a temperature-dependent manner. The study provides the first evidence of a possible direct effect of heat shock on adiponectin and leptin gene expression and secretion, and demonstrates that the expression of the two adipokines is differentially regulated at the temperatures tested. 2008-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2067/1861 Title: Photoperiod Affects Gene Expression of Leptin and Leptin Receptors in Adipose Tissue from Lactating Dairy Cows Authors: Bernabucci, Umberto; Basiricò, Loredana; Lacetera, Nicola; Morera, Patrizia; Ronchi, Bruno; Accorsi, Pier Attilio; Seren, Eraldo; Nardone, Alessandro Abstract: Leptin is mainly secreted by adipocytes and is implicated in the regulation of metabolic status, feed intake, and body condition. Day length (DL) can affect leptin gene expression and secretion. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of DL on gene expression of leptin and leptin receptors in adipose tissue (AT). Four lactating and pregnant Holstein cows were housed in a climate-controlled chamber for 51 d. The first 30 d were used to adapt animals to the new housing conditions. During that period the DL adopted was 12 h light:12 h dark (12:12). The experimental period included 3 different and consecutive phases: 7 d of neutral DL (12:12); 7 d of long DL (18 h light:6 h dark); and 7 d of short DL (6 h light:18 h dark). Subcutaneous AT biopsies were performed at the end of each phase. Prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol, leptin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, β-OH-butyrate, and cholesterol were determined in plasma samples. Abundance of leptin mRNA, and Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb leptin receptormRNA were determined in AT samples by ribonuclease protection assay. Day length did not affect feed intake or body condition score. Exposure to short DL significantly reduced milk yield (13.1 ± 2.2 vs. 15.8 ± 1.7 and 16.0 ± 2.0 kg/d for short vs. neutral and long DL, respectively). Plasma leptin, growth hormone, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids, β-OH-butyrate, and glucose were not affected by DL; cholesterol was lowest under short DL (3.93 ± 0.38 vs. 4.36 ± 0.39 and 4.07 ± 0.38 mmol/L for short vs. neutral and long DL, respectively). Prolactin increased under long DL (134.82 ± 16.94 vs. 81.98 ± 20.25 and 96.16 ± 0.38 ng/mL for long vs. neutral and short DL, respectively). Gene expression of leptin and its receptors was affected by DL. Leptin mRNA increased under long DL (11.91 ± 0.84 vs. 7.82 ± 0.84 and 7.56 ± 0.84 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for long vs. neutral and short DL, respectively). Leptin receptors Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb mRNA were higher under long DL, whereas Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb mRNA were lower under short DL (Ob-Ra: 1.91 ± 0.41, 2.49 ± 0.41, and 0.65 ± 0.41 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for neutral, long, and short DL, respectively; Ob-Rb: 5.29 ± 0.79, 5.98 ± 0.68, and 2.02 ± 0.70 pg of mRNA/g of total RNA for neutral, long, and short DL, respectively). Results of the present study appear to exclude an effect of feed intake and metabolic status on leptin gene expression. A prolactinmediated effect of photoperiod on AT leptin modulation may be proposed in lactating dairy cows. 2005-12-31T23:00:00Z